One of the Mormons present, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote. [13] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results.[22]. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[74] The county seat, Gallatin, is reported to have been "completely gutted" only one shoe store remained unscathed. The Missourians had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. News of the battle quickly spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri. On Sunday, October 14, a small company of state militia under the command of Colonel William A. Dunn of Clay County arrived in Far West. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. A company under the command of Captain Samuel Bogart was ordered to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties, in an effort to stop armed persons from Caldwell County from invading Ray County. Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. [63] None of these claims, however, purport to be eyewitness accounts. Mormon vigilantes, including many Danites, raided two towns believed to be centers of anti-Mormon activity, burning homes and stealing goods.22 Though . This literature review will focus on the time period from 1838 to 1839, during which the Mormon War took place. [1] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results. The Extermination Order was a military order signed by Missouri Governor Lilburn W. Boggs on October 27, 1838, directing that the Mormons be driven from the state or exterminated. When events in Daviess County caused Missourians to see the Mormon community as a violent threat, non-Mormon public opinion hardened in favor of a firm military response. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. As the year went on, there were a number of armed conflicts between Mormons and Missourians. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did not care" and that he would be glad to get out of the "damnable state" anyway. William Bowman, one of the guards, was dragged by his hair across the town square. Missouri blamed the Mormons for the conflict and forced the Latter-day Saints to sign over all their lands in order to pay for the state militia muster. With one child in each arm, she waded across an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman. [57] The plundered goods were deposited in the Bishop's storehouse at Diahman. In his famous Salt Sermon, Sidney Rigdon announced that the dissenters were as salt that had lost its savor and that it was the duty of the faithful to cast the dissenters out to be trodden beneath the feet of men. [37], Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. The 1838 Mormon War was a conflict that occurred between the Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in Missouri from August to November 1838. [91] Brigham Young recounts that, once the militia was disarmed, Lucas's men were turned loose on the city: [T]hey commenced their ravages by plundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms. [111] Click the image for an enlarged map illustrating the Battle of Crooked River. People were slaughtered. Gen. Doniphan's Recollections of the Troubles of that Early Time. [48], The besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. General Parks arrived with the Ray County militia on October 6, but his order to disperse was ignored by the mob. [20], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[11] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. One woman died of exposure, the other (a woman named Jenson) died in childbirth. On the first night of the march out of Carroll County, two Mormon women died. [56], During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. [59], Many Latter Day Saints were greatly troubled by the occurrences. [13], Mormon petitions and lawsuits failed to bring any satisfaction: the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to allow the Mormons to return and reimbursement for confiscated and damaged property was refused. Agnes Smith, a sister-in-law of Joseph, was chased from her home with two small children when her home was burned. The conflict was preceded by the eviction of the Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri, in 1833. The list 1838 Mormon War includes Charles C. Rich, Sampson Avard, George M. Hinkle, . My fundamental claim is that the rhetoric of both sides in the 1838 Mormon War exhibited the signature strategies of Innocent III's ideology of anti-heretical crusade. The non-Mormon militiaman who died was Moses Rowland, who was killed at Crooked River on 25 October 1838. Two members of the Far West High Council, George M. Hinkle and John Murdock, were sent to take possession of the town and to begin to colonize it. If they choose to remain, we must be content. Phelps testified that throughout the summer and fall he received assurances from the citizens of Ray and Clay counties that no mobs were being raised against the Saints in that quarter.66 William Swartzell, a Mormon resident of Diahman, recorded that the Mormons were the only ones talking about mobs at this timehe had heard nothing from the . Many of Boggs's constituents felt that he had mis-managed the situation, by failing to intervene earlier in the crisis, and then by overreacting on the basis of partial and incorrect information. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. "[35] The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes. [51][53] Ignoring this counsel, a Mormon judge in Caldwell County called out the Caldwell militia, led by Colonel George M. Hinkle. [56] Even Mormon leader Parley P Pratt conceded that some burnings had been done by Mormons. [51][52] Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter Day Saints that the Caldwell County militia could not legally enter Daviess County, and he advised Mormons traveling there to go in small parties and unarmed. Sheriff J.H. Rumor reached Far West that a mob of vigilantes from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the mob out of the county. I have reviewed five books: Leland H. Gentry's A . The Mormon War is a name that . After the stress of being expelled from Millport into the snow, Milford Donaho's wife gave birth prematurely, and the child was severely injured during the birth. Faster access than browser! After most of the defenders in the blacksmith shop had been killed or mortally wounded, some of the Missourians entered to finish the work. "[86][88], Joseph Smith Jr. and the other arrested leaders were held overnight under guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements. "Porter Rockwell". [68] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the militia to "prevent further violence." Stripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to leave the state. Although county officials could only legally act within the county, this judge authorized Hinkle to defend Latter Day Saint settlements in neighboring Daviess County. Lyman Wight took his army and attacked Millport. "[81] Other Latter Day Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to "beg like a dog for peace. Media in category "1838 Mormon War" The following 12 files are in this category, out of 12 total. Language: [74], Most Mormons gathered to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. "[58], The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. [57], Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri Abstract Review of: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. They also sent a request for assistance to Governor Boggs, noting that the mob had threatened "to exterminate them, without regard to age or sex. McBrier's house was among those burned. Back in 1987, Steve wrote an amazing book called The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. . The order was part of the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Missourians. The Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. The Mormon War literallty changed the course of Missouri history.Caldwell and Daviess counties were carved out of the frontier specifically for Mormon settlers experiencing problems in Ray and other organized counties. After several non-Mormons made statements to the authorities that Johnson had acted as a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial. [85], Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. They asked if the rumor was true and demanded that he sign a document disavowing any connection to the vigilance committees. Parks wrote his superior, General Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. If teachers do not have optimistic attitude toward children with special educational needs, meaningful education for them is far-fetched. When McBride held out a hand, Rogers cut it off with a corn knife, then may have further mangled his body while McBride was still alive. [65] [104], It is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had become an embarrassment, and that an escape would be convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political establishment. [57] Millport, which at time was the largest city in the county and the center for trade, never recovered from the Mormon burnings, and became a ghost town. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children. [13], With the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the bulk of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob. It won the best book award for the Mormon History Association. Austin A. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. On October 19, 1838, the day after Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and fellow apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church. The men under the command of Lucas were then allowed to ransack the city to search for weapons. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. [12], At the same time, a leadership struggle between the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church's original "second elder"), David Whitmer (another of the Three Witnesses and Stake President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri (1841). [30] The text of this speech was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the event and participated in the raising of a liberty pole. In an effort to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. [35][36], When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. Thomas B. Marsh, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, and fellow Apostle Orson Hyde were alarmed by the activities which had taken place in Daviess County. You might be referring to the 1838 Mormon War, a localized conflict between pro-slavery old time Missouri settlers and rapidly increasing numbers of converts to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who were mos. Published July 23, 2017. Several Mormon homes near Millport were burned and their inhabitants expelled into the snow. The state militia broke ranks and fled across the river. LeSueur, Stephen C. How to Cite: (1989) "The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri", The Annals of Iowa 50 (2-3), 278-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9389 Rights: Copyright 1989 State Historical Society of Iowa. The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. [31], In the speech, Rigdon declared that the Latter-day Saints would no longer be driven from their homes by persecution from without or dissension from within, and that if enemies came again to drive out the Saints, "And that mob that comes on us to disturb us, it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them until the last drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed". What it's about: Not strictly . Reynolds determined the man in question was Porter Rockwell, a close associate of Joseph Smith. Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders. [26][28][29], On July 4, Sidney Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts as a "'Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions. Early Mormons and Mass Poisoning. At 8:00am, Joseph sent word to Far West to surrender.[94]. [23] These "dissenters," as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church. The Missourians had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. Around 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election day to prevent Mormons from voting. Between August and November of 1838, the Mormons and non-Mormons of Missouri got into a pretty serious conflict. [67][68], Fearing attack, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. W. W. Phelps (Mormon) / 40.777; -111.858 ( Salt Lake City Cemetery) William Wines Phelps (February 17, 1792 - March 7, 1872) was an early leader of the Latter Day Saint movement. [119] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting. INTRODUCTION: The Mormon presence in nineteenth-century Missouri was uneasy at best and at times flared into violence fed by misunderstanding and suspicion. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. Answer (1 of 3): Original question: What was the cause of the Mormon War? Mike Vago. McBrier's house was among those burned. After the inquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, but Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny. The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. Missouri-Mormon Experience (1831-1839) and its War of 1838 . AbeBooks.com: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Volume 1) (9780826207296) by LeSueur, Stephen C. and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party. [80] In all, 17 Latter Day Saints were killed in what came to be called the Haun's Mill Massacre. One of the Mormons present, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote. The conflict continued until early November, when the outnumbered Mormons surrendered and agreed to leave the state. Even people who otherwise would have had no sympathy for the Mormons were appalled by Boggs's Executive Order and the treatment of the Mormons by the mobs. [75], Meanwhile, exaggerated reports from the Battle of Crooked River made their way to Missouri's governor, Lilburn Boggs. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. "Autobiographical Remarks by Ebenezer Robinson (18321843)". I was surprised to find out he was mapping Mormon history sites in Missouri as an undergrad. 11. Even militia commanders such as Clark, Doniphan, and Atchison who were sympathetic to the Mormons came to see a military response as the only way to bring the situation under control.[74]. The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the war in Missouri. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. Today, Mormonism is one of the most widely accepted religions in the US. Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system, Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1968, "LDS Church History: LDS History, October 14, 1838", "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded", Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1920, http://ldsliving.com/story/77142-porter-rockwell-7-unbelievable-facts-and-stories-you-didnt-know, "Clarification of Boggs' 'Order' and Joseph Smith's Constitutionalism", "Mormonism. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter. Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. De Witt possessed a strategically important location near the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. Other Mormons, fearing similar retribution by the Missourians, gathered into Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. [108] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. [108][109], LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs' mishandling of the Mormon conflict left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.[110]. Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart's company had been killed. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 State Militia to put down the Mormon insurrection against the state. C LeSueur's The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (1986), Alexander L. Baugh's A Call to On November 1, 1838, Smith surrendered at Far West, the church's headquarters, ending the war. The Missourians and their families, outnumbered by the Mormons, made their way to neighboring counties. [111] One resolution passed by the Quincy town council read: Resolved: That the gov of Missouri, in refusing protection to this class of people when pressed upon by an heartless mob, and turning upon them a band of unprincipled Militia, with orders encouraging their extermination, has brought a lasting disgrace upon the state over which he presides.[112]. Durante el conflicto fueron asesinadas 22 personas (3 mormones y 1 no mormn en el ro Crooked y 18 mormones en Haun's Mill). [101], The defendants, consisting of about 60 men including Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon, were turned over to a civil court of inquiry in Richmond under Judge Austin A. On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment. The conflict continued until early November, when the outnumbered Mormons surrendered and agreed to leave the state. [70], When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the State Militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. Atchison said further, "I would respectfully suggest to your Excellency the propriety of a visit to the scene of excitement in person, or at all events, a strong proclamation" as the only way to restore peace and the rule of law. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). [97] Brigham Young recounts that, once the militia was disarmed, Lucas's men were turned loose on the city: [T]hey commenced their ravages by plundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. [4] [35] The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes. Rumor reached Far West that a Militia unit from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the Militia out of the county. [17] They had also founded the Caldwell County town of Far West as their Missouri headquarters. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[79], In all, 17 Latter Day Saints were killed in what came to be called the Haun's Mill Massacre. ", http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/findingaids/miscMormonRecords.asp?rec=doc, http://books.google.com/books?id=TcfYO8JFElcC, "An appeal to the American people: being an account of the persecutions of the Church of Latter Day Saints, and of the barbarities inflicted on them by the inhabitants of the state of Missouri", http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/NCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=2837&REC=4, "Mormonism in All Ages; or the Rise, Progress and Causes of Mormonism; with the Biography of Its Author and Founder, Joseph Smith, Jr", http://ia600401.us.archive.org/31/items/mormonisminalla00turn/mormonisminalla00turn.pdf, Mel Tungate's Battle of Crooked River sources website, History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Volume 2 Chapter 11, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, Mormons stripped of property and expelled from Missouri. [32][33], William Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons, calling them "horse-thieves and robbers",[34] and warned them not to vote in the election. [65], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. [13][45], Some isolated Mormons in outlying areas also came under attack. 1838 Mormon War. With peace restored, Smith's group returned to Caldwell County. Militiaman who died was Moses Rowland, who was killed at Crooked River made their way to neighboring counties of... Nineteenth-Century Missouri was uneasy at best and at times flared into violence fed by misunderstanding and suspicion for... `` beg like a dog for peace stripped of their property, the dissenters their... Arrived with the Ray County militia on October 16, 1838 property the..., two Mormon women died 's Governor, Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838 helped! 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