John Witherspoon (1723-1794)John Witherspoon was the only active clergyman among the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Stockton was an active and influential member of Congress. In his lectures on moral philosophy at Princeton, required of all juniors and seniors, Witherspoon argued for the revolutionary right of resistance and recommended checks and balances within government. Witherspoon, in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy, taught that all human beings, Christian or otherwise, could be virtuous, but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation. Witherspoon Society, an organization of laypeople within the. John Witherspoon would die on his farm near Princeton in 1794 at the age of 71. John Witherspoon (17231794) was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation as well as serve at the convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution in New Jersey. He was 71 when he died. Civil government owed more to the latter than the former in Witherspoon's Presbyterian doctrine. John is first cousin to Rev. ", Nelson demanded of the gunners. In late August 1776, Stockton received an equal number of votes with Mr. Livingston, for Governor of New Jersey; when informed Stockton replied he had not the least inclination to serve in the office of Governor. He was then elected Chief Justice of the State and again declined the honor, preferring to remain in Congress and was re-elected to Congress in November 1776. He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. In 1776, Stockton was elected to the Continental Congress, where he took a very active role. Stone was the engraver. So terribly was he ravaged by the disease that he wore a green silk scarf over part of his face, and was described by one colleague as "an animated skeleton, with a bandaged head.". New England was unanimously for independence. Princeton University Press, 1948. In regard to civil magistrates, Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science. He proceeded to Edinburgh where he attained a Master of Arts, then to four years of divinity school. In 1768, Stockton had his first taste of government service when he was elevated to a seat in the New Jersey Provincial Council; he was later (1774) appointed to the provincial New Jersey Supreme Court. [2] Later, he signed the Articles of Confederation and supported ratification of the Constitution of the United States. The debate continued into the Fourth of July and, in Jefferson's own words, "seemed as though it would run on interminably. Previously offered for $12M. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Susannah later married Thomas Leonard and remained in Princeton after her husbands death. On January 3, 1777, General George Washington was directed by Congress to protest against the shocking and inhuman treatment of the honorable Richard Stockton to General William Howe. As president of Princeton, Witherspoon educated five delegates to the U.S. Press, 1912), p. 74], Witherspoon was firmly grounded in the Reformed tradition of High to Late Orthodoxy, embedded in the transatlantic Evangelical Awakening of the eighteenth century, and frustrated by the state of religion in the Scottish Kirk. New Jersey was overrun by the British in November of '76, when he was returning from the mission. Witherspoon was responsible for its rebuilding after the war, which caused him great personal and financial difficulty. Rush and Stockton's recruiting letters can be found in Butterfield, L. H., "John Witherspoon Comes to America", Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey. As the college's primary occupation at the time was training ministers, Witherspoon became a major leader of the early Presbyterian Church in America. He opposed slavery, advocated free public schools, and sought improved education for women and a more enlightened penal system. He was in his home surrounded by family, and died on Tuesday, May 11th 1779, at the age 66. Trustees of Princeton University. He was in private practice as an otolaryngologist until 2012. Adair, "James Madison", Fame and the Founding Fathers, ed. Witherspoon served in Congress from June 1777 until November 1784 and became one of its most influential members and a workhorse of prodigious energy. The British invaded New Jersey and Stockton rushed home and moved his family to the home of a friend thirty miles from Princeton. Documents of the American Revolution. John Stockton, Abigail Stockton (born Phillips), Hannah Boudinot (born Stockton), Susanna Pintard (born Stockton), Rev. Witherspoon served in Congress from June 1776 until November 1782 and became one of its most influential members and a workhorse of prodigious energy. Stockton was given a parole by General Howe in mid January, requiring him to no longer participate in the war effort as was common on both sides. They knew they were committing high treason against the Crown and that the penalty for doing so was death by hanging. In 1764, Stockton became the Grand Master of the first chartered Masonic lodge (St. Johns No 1) in Princeton, New Jersey. He fought against the flood of paper money, and opposed the issuance of bonds without provision for their amortization. William J. He was dispatched on a fact finding tour to the northern army. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. [8] Later days and legacy. Witherspoon and his wife, Elizabeth Montgomery, had a total of 10 children, only five of whom survived to accompany their parents to America. Had you known the pleasure it would have communicated, I flatter myself, your diffidence would not have delayed it to this time. Two weeks later, on August 2, 1776, the Congress met again at the State House in Philadelphia to formalize with their legislatures what they had adopted a month before. Half continued to serve their country after the war - several as President, many as members of Congress, governors, and state legislators - and a number of them played a role in drawing up the Constitution of the United States. Collection Overview . John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence from New Jersey, was born at Yester, Scotland, 5 Feb. 1722. In John Trumbull's famous painting Declaration of Independence, Witherspoon is among those shown in the background facing the large table, the second seated figure from the viewer's right. He was turned over to the British and jailed in Perth Amboy first, then sent on to prison in New York. Daniel L. Dreisbach, Mark D. Hall, and Jeffry H. Morrison, 11672146. They were the parents of at least 6 sons and 3 daughters. He married Mary Witherspoon about 1754, in Ireland. Few with a knowledge of history would have predicted anything but disaster and ruin for those gathered in Philadelphia during the first week of August in 1776. [1], John married Elisabeth Montgomerie in the parish of Beith, Ayrshire on 14 August 1748.[2]. Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk, he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle,[10] which had a long-term effect on his health. Consequently, he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 174546. Handkerchief in hand they lashed at the hungry pests to no avail.". They had a great deal to lose - life, liberty, and property - but they were convinced that the cause was worth the risk. He has published scholarly papers and popular articles for both children and adults. -----------------------------------------------------------------. Richard Stockton was born near Princeton, on October 1, 1730. Despite personal setbacks Witherspoon never lost his belief that America would prevail in the struggle for independence. Richard was born at the Stockton family home now known as Morven in the Stony Brook neighborhood of Princeton, New Jersey, attended Samuel Finley's academy at Nottingham, which later became West Nottingham Academy, and the College of New Jersey located in Newark, graduating in 1748. In this connection it may be noted that in 1790 President Witherspoon, while a member of the New Jersey Legislature, was chairman of a committee on the abolition of slavery in the state, and brought in a report advising no action, on the ground that the law already forbade the importation of slaves and encouraged voluntary manumission. Parades and demonstrations, patriotic observances and celebrations, were held across the states. At once he began fund-raising, added three hundred of his own books to the library, and began the purchase of scientific equipment, including the Rittenhouse orrery, many maps and a "terrestial" globe. The historian Douglass Adair writes, "The syllabus of Witherspoon's lectures . Witherspoon Street, in: Princeton, New Jersey; Pomfret, John E.. '"Witherspoon, John" in. [1] Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism, and while president of the College of New Jersey (1768-1794; now Princeton University) became an influential figure in the development of the . Another statue stands near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., at the intersection of Connecticut Avenue, N Street and 18th Street. Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Jersey, Born on February 05, 1723 Accounts indicate that, despite clear instruction, Justice Stockton wished to hear the arguments on either side of the issue. Firm but good-humored in his leadership, Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students. John C. Witherspoon was the Calvinist preacher, President of Princeton College, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Rev. The author's work incorporates data from the application files of the Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Frank W. Leach manuscript, and many other published references. On his return to Princeton, he traveled 30 miles east to the home of a friend, John Covenhoven, to evacuate his family to safety, and away from the path of the British army. Constitutional Convention of 1787, including Virginias James Madison, as well as scores of individuals who served as judges and justices, members of Congress, and members of state ratifying conventions. That such men were present at the moment of America's birth strongly suggests that the same Divine Providence they invoked in the Declaration of Independence had indeed planned it that way. (Image courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol) UCF lecturer David Head barely needs notes to teach the course U.S. History: 1492-1877. Abigail is the daughter of Phillip Phillips and Hannah Stockton. Not all of those who had voted for independence on July 2nd were present in August. Anna, the eldest daughter, married Reverend Samuel Smith on June 28, 1775. The Institute was founded in 2003 by Princeton University professor and conservative Robert P. George, Luis Tellez, and others involved with the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions. He died on his farm, "Tusculum," just outside of Princeton in November of 1794, a man much honored and beloved by his adopted countrymen. As one colleague reported, "He would lay aside the cloth to take revenge on them, I believe he would send them to the devil if he could." Penn Wharton School & America's Four United Republics Curriculum Boykin Witherspoon was an early plantation owner in De Soto, South Carolina. Only John Hancock signed the declaration that day, and a formal signing by all the delegates was scheduled for August 2nd. John Witherspoon, (born Feb. 15, 1723, [Feb. 5, 1722, old style], Gifford, East Lothian, Scot.died Nov. 15, 1794, Tusculum, N.J., U.S.), Scottish-American Presbyterian minister and president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University); he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. The passage of the Stamp Act of 1765 had infuriated many wealthy and influential colonists, and was responsible for beginning the storm that settled over that historic assembly in Philadelphia in July 1776. An advocate of natural law within a Christian and republican cosmology, Witherspoon considered moral philosophy vital for ministers, lawyers, and those holding positions in government (magistrates). Political career. When he was at last able to return to his home, John Hart found that his wife had died and his 13 children were scattered throughout the countryside or in captivity. Many referred to it as the "Presbyterian Rebellion" and a Hessian soldier wrote, "America-call this war dearest friend by whatever name you may, only call it not an American Rebellion. He immediately began fund-raisinglocally and back home in Scotlandadded three hundred of his own books to the library, and began purchasing scientific equipment including the Rittenhouse orrery, many maps, and a terrestrial globe. Boudinot became a member of the Continental Congress in 1778, and President of Congress in 1782-83. Witherspoon became prominent within the church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party. View Transcript The Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. There must be no pulling different ways; we must all hang together." Committees of Correspondence were organized in 1772 to exchange information among the colonies and mold public opnion in the developing struggle. It was a storm which had been building for more than a decade as the British Parliament and King George III imposed one oppressive measure after another on the colonies, increasing their taxes and decreasing their freedoms. These 56 men who spoke for two and a half million American free men were a spectacular group of individuals. John Witherspoon. There were no defectors. After Stockton's death, Annis, one of America's first published female poets, became a favorite correspondent of General Washington. On the day of the signing, the British fleet - an armada of dozens of ships with 42,000 sailors and soldiers - was waiting off the coast to crush these patriots and make an example of them. Richard Stocktons eldest son Richard became a New Jersey senator and Stocktons served in Congress for four generations. in New Orleans, Louisiana , United States (46 years), This form allows you to report an error or to submit additional information about this family tree: Reese WITHERSPOON (1976), Copyright Wikipdia authors - This article is under licence CC BY-SA 3.0. On March 25, 1777, General Howe and his brother Lord Howe wrote to Lord George Germain (Secretary of State for the Colonies)in England "My Lord, We have the honor to enclose to your Lordship a state of the Declarations subscribed in consequence of our Proclamation of the 30th of November. Can someone please show primary source documentation that his middle name was Knox, because I find only that there is no middle name. When the Crown began to give additional authority to its appointed episcopacy over church affairs, British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot, who saw such events in the same lens as his Scottish Covenanters. To which the witty Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania replied: "Yes, we must all hang together, or most assuredly, we shall all hang separately. Witherspoon has claimed descent from Scottish-born John Witherspoon, who signed the United States Declaration of Independence; however, this claim has not been verified by the Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence genealogists. Son of Honorable John Stockton and Abigail Stockton John Witherspoon: A Sermon Occasioned by His Death (1802), The History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family by Joseph Bailey Witherspoon, Protected Profile addition - Signers Declaration of Indepence, Patriotic Service, New Jersey, American Revolution, Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence. Upon his arrival, Witherspoon found the school in debt, with weak instruction, and a library collection which clearly failed to meet student needs. And so it went through the rest of the states, with George Walton of Georgia the last to affix his name to the historic document that day. At this point he was twenty. Tonight there was to be no rest for this weary patriot. Nine died of wounds or hardships during the war. "I am a merchant of New York, but I am a Virginian first," he declared in the House of Burgesses. See more ideas about john witherspoon, declaration of independence, stone barns. This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation. Please try again. ", Although the Stamp Act was subsequently repealed, it had been followed by the Townshend Acts and the Writs of Assistance in 1767, the Boston Massacre in 1770, increasing interference in colonial governments, the Boston Port Bill in 1774, and other "injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states.". John later became a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. This article was originally published in 2009. Some of the courses he taught personally were Eloquence or Belles Lettres, Chronology (history), and Divinity. Witherspoon had suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792. Yet he so conducted himself that Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania said of Morris that "every attachment of his heart yielded to his love of his country.". If so, login to add it. [5] Witherspoon became prominent within the Church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party. All three were captured, refused a British offer of amnesty if they would repudiate the American cause, and were shipped to the Crown stockade at St. Augustine, Florida. In 1774, he drafted and sent to Lord Dartmouth "a plan of self-government for America, independent of Parliament, without renouncing allegiance to the Crown.". Stockton was the first person from New Jersey to sign the Declaration of Independence. Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism, and while president of the College of New Jersey became an influential figure in the development of the United States' national character . His father being their brother, Rev James Witherspoon, III, who was a Church of Scotland minister who served the parish of Yester from 1720 until his death in 1759. Boudinot again served in Congress from 1789-1795. The parents tried their best to develop acting talent of their girl. Since 2001, a statue of John Witherspoon (1723-1794 . SOURCE: Wikipedia, Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stockton_%28Continental_Congre Caesar Rodney was weary when he reached his plantation near Dover on the night of July 1, 1776. He turned it into a very successful institution, and was a very popular man as a result. Like Benedict Pictet (1655-1724), Witherspoon held firmly to the tenets of confessional Calvinism. His handsome features and highly polished manners made him very popular. The practice of ancient nations, of making their prisoners of war slaves, was altogether unjust and barbarous; for though we could suppose that those who were the causes of an unjust war deserved to be made slaves; yet this could not be the case of all who fought on their side; besides the doing so in one instance would authorize the doing it in any other; and those who fought in defense of their country, when unjustly invaded, might be taken as well as others. Declaration of Independence Signer. He attended the Haddington Grammar School, and obtained a Master of Arts and Bachelor of Divinity from the University of St. Andrews. After the Revolutionary War, he continued to serve as President of the College of New Jersey, but spend several years working to rebuild the college. Madam, Your favor of the 17th, conveying to me your pastoral on the subject of Lord Cornwallis capture, has given me great satisfaction. But even as late as January 6, 1776, the Congress adopted a resolution stating that the colonies, "had no design to set up as an independent nation." Notre Dame, Ind. Paintings of Richard Stockton, George Washington and Elias Boudinot hang in Nassau Hall to this day. Witherspoon personally taught courses in eloquence or belles lettres, chronology (history), and divinity. John Knox Witherspoon (February 5, 1723 - November 15, 1794) was a Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence [1] as a representative of New Jersey. His most prominent students were Aaron Burr and James Madison. As the member appointed for New Jersey, I laid the resolution before our Legislature then sitting at Princeton, and recommended to them the great importance of their approaching persons in every county. [7] He attended the Haddington Grammar School and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. The other New York signer, Lewis Morris, lost his magnificent estate, "Morrisania", which was sacked and burned. Annis was descended from French Huguenots; her grandfather fled France at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and settled in New York. [3], Over 12,000 prisoners died in the prison ships and prisons in New York compared to 4,435 soldiers that died in combat over the six years of war. Presidents of Princeton University. by John C. Glynn, Jr. and Kathryn Glynn, 2008, Sources:American Archives. He also obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. Richard Stockton as a prisoner of war, and taken behind enemy lines was also required to take the oath. The darkest days of his life were spent locked in irons, starving and shivering in the cold winter of 1776-77 in the notorious Provost prison in New York City. Although none of the Leaders, nor principal Instigators and Abettors of the Rebellion, thought fit to avail themselves of the opportunity given them to return to their Duty, we have some satisfaction in observing that so considerable a number of His Majesty's deluded Subjects, of inferior Rank, in those Provinces where the Proclamation could be expect to have Effect, were disposed to relinquish the unjust Cause they had been once induced to support. He once wrote, "The public is generally unthankful, and I never will become a Servant of it, till I am convinced that by neglecting my own affairs I am doing more acceptable Service to God and Man." Rush secured the deal. At the age of 45, he became the sixth president of the college, later known as Princeton University. Morrison, Jeffry H.. John Witherspoons Revolutionary Revolution. In The Founders on God and Government, ed. Revolutionary War. [23] An inventory of Witherspoon's possessions taken at his death included "two slaves valued at a hundred dollars each".[24]. He was awarded a Doctorate of Divinity from the University of St Andrews, Fife. 1972Sanderson, John, Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Williamsburg, Virginia, Omohundro Institute of American History and Culture and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. John Witherspoon was born into a ministerial family near Edinburgh on Feb. 5, 1723. According to the petition, "paying such honor to someone who participated actively in the enslavement of human beings, and used his scholarly gifts to defend the practice, is today a distraction from . A merchant ship, the SS John Witherspoon, saw service during World War II as part of convoy PQ-17, and was sunk by a German U-boat in the North Atlantic on 6 July 1942. In 1768, he left Scotland to travel to New Jersey, to accept a position as President of the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University). Dr. Benjamin Rush wrote "At Princeton I met my wife's father who had been plundered of all his household furniture and stock by the British army, and carried a prisoner to New York, from whence he was permitted to return to his family upon parole. In 1774, he drafted and sent to Lord Dartmouth "a plan of self-government for America, independent of Parliament, without renouncing the Crown." In the days that followed, copies of the Declaration of Independence was posted throughout the 13 states and read in public places. Witherspoon was responsible for its reconstruction after the war, which caused him great personal and financial difficulty. He was born at Gifford which is the neighbouring parish to the one John Knox was born in. In 1768, John Witherspoon, Presbyterian leader of the evangelical Popular party faction in the Scottish Kirk, became the College of New Jersey's sixth president. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. John Witherspoon was the only clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration of Independence. There he married Catherine Williams, the daughter of a Welsh planter in Antigua, West Indies. Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children, Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, "Petition regarding the statue of John Witherspoon on Firestone Plaza", "LibGuides: African American Studies: Slavery at Princeton", Science and Religion in America, 18001860, "Statue / Monument of John Witherspoon in Washington DC by Sculptor William Couper", "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Witherspoon Building", "Princeton School Board changes name of John Witherspoon Middle School", "Welcome witherspoonsociety.org - BlueHost.com", "Presbyterian Voices for Justice celebrates its history as it donates to three social justice causes", Biography on Princeton University's website, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 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