Ian Shapira is a features writer on the local enterprise team. It was the results of these experiments that most interested Richard Helms and American intelligence. Sure, theyd take that. Working through Berlin, he planned and executed successful eavesdropping operations on the Soviet Union. Helms first marriage to Julia Bretzman Shields ended in divorce. His autobiography, A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life In The Central Intelligence Agency, leaves the impression that he spent much of his time putting out fires; the fact that most were of his own making is left untold. It included the rending of the American social fabric and the antiwar protests of the Vietnam War era, and it ended during the Watergate crisis. Nixon's reasons were never made public, but Power said in his biography that Mr. Helms was convinced "that Nixon fired him for one reason only -- because he had refused wholeheartedly to join the Watergate coverup.". Hollidays to Entertain at Dinner That reputation grew in 1973, when Mr. Helms clashed with President Nixon, who sought his help in thwarting an F.B.I. Dear Dennis, the seven-sentence letter begins. But he kept being hauled before congressional committees to explain the CIAs efforts in earlier years to assassinate world leaders and disrupt socialist regimes abroad. the best of his generation and profession. They just dont exist. Such code words are typically meaningless except to the originator. Helms in the directorate of plans (covert operations) and Angleton in counterintelligence guided this new mission. Love, Daddy.. had run a major secret operation in Chile that gave more than $8 million to the opponents of Mr. Allende, using the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation as a conduit. "I had found myself in a position of conflict," he told a Federal judge at the formal proceeding on his plea bargain with the Justice Department. But why be pessimistic?, He signed it Devotedly, The OM. (For Old Man.). Enterprise reporter covering the Washington region and beyond, A letter from Richard Helms, on Hitler's stationary, to his son. As a veteran of the craft of espionage, Mr. Helms "was as good at spying, analysis and politics as anyone who worked in the agency," said Clair George, who ran the CIA's covert operations in the 1980s. So, how much is Richard Helms worth at the age of 89 years old? Links between unsavory Nixon White House activities and the CIA, including the agency's lending of disguises to Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt, prompted an internal examination ordered by Mr. During his CIA years and after, Mr. Helms followed a code that stressed maximum trust and loyalty to his agency and colleagues, maximum silence where outsiders were concerned. hXmo6+~"i("n?hsV"J@x<>#rF9'C#7\@+ZCLzK)+!. The year 2011 will mark the tenth anniversary of the terror attacks of September 11, 2001, those history-changing events that have come to be known simply as 9/11. In the title of his 1979 biography of Mr. Helms, Thomas Powers called him "The Man Who Kept the Secrets." 1 son, Dennis J.; married Cynthia McKelvie, 1968. I didn't want to mislead the Senate. On Christmas Day 1991, Richard, by now enjoying retirement with his second wife, Cynthia McKelvie Helms, wrote a letter to Dennis and his wife, Meg Helms, summing up his career. , , , . With his new assignment, he inherited a pressure campaign from the White House to get rid of Castro by other means. He wasnt a guy who started stories by saying, You know, we were assembled at the checkpoint and we moved here and there. It was as if he landed from a spaceship and was beamed down., (It turns out that before he joined the OSS, Helms, who was fluent in German, was a United Press reporter and was among a group of journalists who got to interview Hitler in 1936 after one of his rallies. Divorces Julia Bretzman Shields. His conviction, which resulted in a suspended sentence and a $2,000 fine, became a rallying point for critics of the Central Intelligence Agency who accused it of dirty tricks, as well as for the agency's defenders, who hailed Mr. Helms for refusing to compromise sensitive information. Mr. Helms's memoir, "A Look Over My Shoulder: a Life in the C.I.A.," is scheduled to be released in the spring by Random House. Under this operation, the CIA amassed files on tens of thousands of American citizens or groups. After consulting with various psychiatrists, Allen introduced the use of electroshock treatments to the mind control repertoire. In pursuit of that goal, he paid his own fare to London, where he became a European reporter for United Press. By the same token, Helms writes that key CIA actions were always carried out with presidential approval. . [M]y life has spanned an historic period, and I am rather awed by that fact, he wrote. . Helm's successor at the agency, James R. Schlesinger. I believed in the importance to the nation of the function that the agency served. He later married Cynthia McKelvie, who survives him. At some point, he lost track of it. While with the OSS dur- ing the war, Helms made contact with a handful of men who would remain influential . He was 89. The committee, which was led by Senator Frank Church, Democrat of Idaho, accused Mr. Helms of failing to inform his own superiors of efforts to kill the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, which the Senate panel called ''a grave error in judgment.''. Mr. Helms replaced him in 1962, winning the position that had eluded him four years earlier. Patrick Nolan is a forensic historian that has dedicated his life to uncovering truths surrounding the JFK, MLK, and RFK assassinations of the 1960s. From the beginning, he worked in the agency's covert operations, or "plans" division, and by the early 1950's he was serving as deputy to the head of clandestine services, Frank Wisner. Richard married Julia Helms (born Bretzman Shields) on month day 1939, at age 26 at marriage place, Indiana. During most of his tenure as C.I.A. . His passing, his defeat a boon to mankind. This letter was an opportunity to say what was on his mind, said Dennis Helms, Richards only child. He was known as a charming conversationalist, a gregarious partygoer and an accomplished dancer, and he and his wife. Related Products Contribute Resources Add your poems, quotes, or title ideas to share with other members. After he left the C.I.A. chief, Mr. Helms received favorable attention from lawmakers and the press, who remarked on his professionalism, candor, and even his dark good looks. He died on October 22, 2002 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA. For several years, the CIA had tested the use of hypnosis in interrogations and on unwitting subjects under Operation ARTICHOKE. So-called terrorism may get a new lease on life. Ancestry In Elegance, Heinz Warneke captures the proud nature of the domestic cat. He worked for the president and answered only to him. It also conveyed a certain historical intuition about the evil that one man could do. - 22 October 2002) ( his death) Richard Helms Net Worth His net worth has been growing significantly in 2020-2021. (White House Photo By Yoichi R. Okamoto). Helms replied, "I don't remember." He became a consultant to businesses that made investments in other countries. who was born in Indianapolis, Indiana to Charles Bretzman of Hannover, Germany and Berta W. Bretzman of Minnesota. During Helmss high-profile tenure, his son moved to New York for a law career, and the two began writing letters to keep in touch. But within a year he was transferred to the Office of Strategic Services, the intelligence forerunner of the CIA, largely based on his keen knowledge of foreign languages. Richard McGarrah Helms was born in St. Davids, Pa., to a family of financial means. The Measure of a Man is the earliest attempt to publish King's sermons in book form. He was 89. Through the 1970s, Helms was repeatedly called to testify before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence about CIA activities that may have violated the agencys charter. Asked for an example of Helms's characteristic utterance, three of his old friends came up with the same dry phrase, 'Let's get on with it.' I will miss his priceless counsel and warm friendship.". Mr. Allende died in a 1973 military coup, which was followed by more than 16 years of military dictatorship. In that capacity, in 1955, Mr. Helms impressed his superiors by supervising the secret digging of a 500-yard tunnel from West Berlin to East Berlin to tap the main Soviet telephone lines between Moscow and East Berlin. . I didn't want to lie. During the 1950s, Dulles gave him special assignments. Helms's intelligence gathering in Germany focused on Soviet activities, but at the same time, he explored in earnest the newly discovered ex-Nazi files, in particular those studies and reports that contained data on what the German scientists had learned about the subject of human programming. There he had desk jobs in New York and Washington and later in London. In that sense, he was a little frustrating, he said. An urbane and dashing spymaster, Mr. Helms began his career with a reputation as a truth teller and became a favorite of lawmakers in the late 1960's and early 70's. In 1939 Helms had married Julia Bretzman Shields, a sculptress six years his senior. At Williams College, Mr. Helms excelled as a student and leader. He fancied a career in journalism, and went to Europe as a reporter for United Press. But he eventually ran afoul of Congressional investigators who found that he had lied or withheld information about the United States' role in assassination attempts in Cuba, anti-government activities in Chile and the illegal surveillance of journalists in the United States. Frank Brown Shields.He married Julia L. Bretzman, daughter of Charles Bretzman and Bertha Grauel. Through much of his tenure, Helms -- with his solid background in the agency during the Cold War -- was well-regarded by congressional oversight panels and the news media. Blood, Money, & Power: How L.B.J. Julia apparently favored the Democratic Party. Helms trained at an OSS farm in Maryland and was sent to Washington, DC. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. When the CIA was formed in 1947 with the passage of the National Security Act, Helms stayed on under the new umbrella agency. endstream endobj startxref Available on Compatible NOOK Devices and the free NOOK Apps. Even before the 1972 Watergate break-in at Democratic National Committee headquarters, the White House had demanded and received CIA files on agency plots to assassinate foreign leaders during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. In addition to researching information based on North Korean field work, the CIA dug deeper, researching experiments found in captured Nazi documents. Helms was, of course, very non-committal politically. Early in Mr. Helms's directorship, as the war in Vietnam and the antiwar protests were escalating, Johnson asked the CIA to determine whether antiwar activity in the United States was being financially or otherwise backed by foreign countries. At an early age, Helms studied in Switzerland at Le Rosey. . Born on March 30, 1913, in St. Davids, Pa., Richard McGarrah Helms — he avoided using the middle name — was the son of an Alcoa executive and the grandson of a leading international banker, Gates McGarrah. . People at the agency suppress their egos. When Hitler spoke face-to-face, active salivary glands seemed to make his voice indistinct, Helms wrote in his memoir.). versttning med sammanhang av "years his senior" i engelska-ukrainska frn Reverso Context: Stone was four years his senior and came from one of Oxford's older families. . Richard Helms, a former director of central intelligence who defiantly guarded some of the darkest secrets of the Cold War, died Tuesday night (Oct. 22, 2002) of multiple myeloma. For example, memos from the 1950s show that the CIA hid knowledge of the whereabouts of notorious Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann who had escaped to Argentina. The couple were divorced in 1968, and Mr. Helms married Cynthia McKelvie later that year. Espionage, he once remarked, is not played by the Marquess of Queensberry rules, and the only sin in espionage is getting caught., Lets face it, he said on another occasion, the American people want an effective, strong intelligence operation. - 22 October 2002) (his death) Television host, razor sharp political pundit, and #1 bestselling author Bill OReilly focuses in on where we all stand in the Age of Obama in Pinheads and Patriots. hbbd``b` $V investigation into the Watergate breakin. It was Helms's fluency in the German language that helped him earn the position of station chief in post-World War II Berlin. But the most contentious criticism of Mr. Helms centered on Chile. 1968, one son) Son: Dennis Helms Wife: Cynthia Ratcliff McKelvin (m. 1968) High School: Carteret School, Orange, NJ University: Williams College (1935) US Ambassador to Iran 1973-76 CIA Director 1966-73 CIA Deputy Director 28-Apr-1965 to 30-Jun-1966 OSS Agent The Indianapolis Times Thats the way it often goes in CIA families. The leadership of BLUEBIRD changed hands soon after when Morse Allen, a rigid anti-Communist from Naval Intelligence, was brought in to run the program. That resulted in a 693-page compendium of agency misdeeds, including assassination attempts, burglaries, electronic eavesdropping and LSD testing of people without their knowledge. Helms and his wife Julia had one child, a son named Dennis. chief, Mr. Helms received favorable, occasionally fawning attention from lawmakers and the press, who remarked on his professionalism, candor, and even his dark good looks. When Mr. Helms refused, according to the Powers book, Mr. Nixon forced him out and sent him to Iran as ambassador. Born March 30, 1913, in St. Davids, PA; died of bone cancer, October 23, 2002, in Washington, DC; son of Herman and Marion Helms; married Julia Bretzman Shields, 1939 (divorced, 1968); married Cynthia McKelvie, 1968; children: (first marriage) Dennis. In reality, Helms's field coordinator for the Castro assassination plots, William Harvey, continued to use the Mafia into 1963. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. . As one of its ranking officers for most of the CIA's first 25 years, Mr. Helms helped form and shape the agency, and he recruited, trained, assigned and supervised many of its top agents. Foreword by Dr. Henry C. Lee, Preface, Chapter 1: Richard Helms, The Strategist, Chapter 2: The Sociopathy Test, Chapter 3: James Angleton, The Tactician, Chapter 4: Assassinations Past, Chapter 5: Lee Harvey Oswald, An Unwitting Patsy, Chapter 6: November 22, 1963, the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Chapter 7: Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, an Involuntary Pawn, Chapter 8: June 5, 1968, the Assassination of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, Chapter 9: Conclusion, Notes, Index, Readers who cant get enough of speculation about the JFK and RFK assassinations should definitely give [CIA Rogues and the Killing of the Kennedys] a read . In 1940, she was 32 years old and lived in Washington, Indiana, with her husband, Richard, son, and daughter. A separate inquiry by the Rockefeller Commission also faulted Mr. Helms for poor judgment for destroying documents and tape recordings that might have assisted Watergate investigators. In exchange for the original, the CIA sent Dennis a replica, framed under glass. In 1965, Mr. Helms was named to the second-highest job at the agency, deputy director of central intelligence. That was about it. Allende was killed in 1973 when a right-wing coup overthrew his government. For a short time, Helms worked closely with Allen Dulles, a World War I spymaster who would eventually become CIA director (1953 1961). His dad never explained in full. Soon, this newly contracted legion of psychiatrists began to test mind-altering drugs in conjunction with hypnosis. He was married to Cynthia McKelvie and Julia Bretzman Shields. Soon after, he was transferred to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor of the Central Intelligence Agency, under the command of General William J. Donavan. . During Iran-Contra, a lot of CIA people suddenly found themselves on the wrong end of an investigation. Dennis said he didnt know. His wife and son . Mr. Helms, who was allowed to receive his government pension, put his intelligence experience to use after his retirement. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/23/obituaries/richard-m-helms-dies-at-89-dashing-exchief-of-the-cia.html. His father, Lt. Col. James H. Angleton, had worked for a US firm in Italy and, with the outbreak of war, the elder Angleton also wound up working in intelligence under General Donovan. Gradually, the agency learned to use combinations of various methods to achieve amnesia in its subjects. As America's top spymaster, Powers wrote in his biography, Mr. Helms "is remembered as an administrator, impatient with delay, excuses, self-seeking, the sour air of office politics. The Agency's MK experiments started out in 1950 as project BLUEBIRD. Six years later at a White House ceremony, Mr. Helms received the National Security Medal from President Reagan for "exceptionally meritorious service." At the height of McCarthy's fervid hunts for communists inside the government, Mr. Helms headed a CIA committee to protect the agency against McCarthy's efforts to infiltrate the CIA with his own informers. had never tried to overthrow the government of President Salvador Allende Gossens or funneled money to political enemies of Mr. Allende, a Marxist. Senate investigators later discovered that the C.I.A. He is known for Frontline (1983), Les mercredis de l'histoire (1995) and Watergate (1994). King, "What Is Man?" Sermon at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 11 July 1954, in Papers 6:174-179. He dated the letter V-E day for May 8, 1945. He and his fellow officers were the beneficiaries of the most successful espionage operation of World War II in Europe the breaking of the German code by allied cryptologists an operation code-named ULTRA. who are visiting Mrs. Wilson's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Gwynn F. Patterson; Mrs. Julia Bretzman Shields, Richard Helms and Dr. : 'Walter Bruetsch. Mr. Helms believed he had performed well in a job that, although many Americans considered it sinister and undemocratic, was nevertheless a cold-blooded necessity in an era of cold war. When twenty-four-year-old Helms left Germany in 1937, he decided he wanted to become a newspaper publisher and realized that the best route to this goal would be to learn the business side of the industry. Mr. Helms, who by nature had been cool and skeptical toward covert operations on such a large scale, had kept his distance from the Bay of Pigs. WASHINGTON Richard Helms, the quintessential intelligence and espionage officer who joined the Central Intelligence Agency at its founding in 1947 and rose through the ranks to lead it for more. I think if I had done anything else I would have been disgraced.". In 1939 he married Julia Bretzman Shields, and they had a son, Dennis, a lawyer in Princeton, N.J. In the early days of World War II, Helms was commissioned in the Navy with the rank of lieutenant. At the close of World War II, top German spy Commander Reinhard Gehlen escaped the approaching Russians and fled to the Americans, bringing with him a treasure trove of Nazi and Russian intelligence files. Father: Herman H. Helms Mother: Marion (McGarrah) Helms Spouse: But Helms wrote in his memoir that he was in France that day. In particular, Dennis loves the letters ending. She married Frank Shields on 15 May 1929. According to the Washington Post's George Lardner, during a break in the testimony, Helms got into a conversation with several reporters, one of whom asked Helms if he knew anything about a connection between Lee Harvey Oswald and the CIA or the KGB. Helms was also named to a panel to study counterintelligence breaches and later a presidential review board on security problems at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. Julia Helms was born about 1908. When World War II broke out, Mr. Helms was called into service by the Naval Reserve and because of his linguistic abilities was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services, the precursor to the C.I.A. The letter astounded the CIA museums curatorial staff when it was acquired in May and not only because Helms wrote with such paternal tenderness. But during this time, the agency was also conducting operations that would change public perceptions of the role of intelligence gathering. In the early 1970s, the agency was further compromised when several of its employees were arrested in the break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington. He lives with his wife in West Hartford, Connecticut. She serves as The Emily Program's family physician in our Intensive Day Treatment program and residential program in St. Paul, MN, the Anna Westin House. You Save 25%. Dennis figured the original was safer in Langley. Born on March 30, 1913, in St. Davids, Pa., Richard McGarrah Helms -- he avoided using the middle name -- was the son of an Alcoa executive and grandson of a leading international banker, Gates McGarrah. Richard Helms, Ex-C.I.A. The committee, which was led by Senator Frank Church, an Idaho Democrat, accused Mr. Helms of failing to inform his own superiors of efforts to kill Fidel Castro of Cuba, which the Senate panel called "a grave error in judgment.". Over the next 20 years, Mr. Helms rose through the agency's ranks, and in 1966 he came the first career official to head the C.I.A. His role in those early years, authorities on the history of the agency say, was running covert operations. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. At CIA headquarters in Langley, one of the newest artifacts in the agencys private museum is a message from a father to his 3-year-old son. He covered the Berlin Olympics in 1936 and interviewed a number of the leading figures of the day, including skater Sonja Henie. Richard Helms, a former director of central intelligence who defiantly guarded some of the darkest secrets of the cold war, died of multiple myeloma today. Helms and Angleton would use this information to plan their future in the world of espionage. Later in the war, Helms worked in intelligence offices in London and Paris. Right after Germanys surrender, Lt. Helms, an intelligence operative, sneaked into Hitlers chancellery in Berlin and pilfered the Fuehrers stationery. He was 89. His conviction, which resulted in a suspended sentence and a $2,000 fine, became a rallying point for critics of the Central Intelligence, Agency who accused it of dirty tricks, as well as for the agency's defenders, who hailed Mr. Helms for refusing to compromise sensitive information. For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. 0 He was discharged from military service in 1946 and continued doing intelligence work as a civilian. (His father and mother, Julia Bretzman Helms, divorced in 1968, and she died in 1986.) These individuals were picked because, due to their social and economic circumstances, they typically would have little recourse if they discovered the true nature of their predicament. Outside the courtroom on the day of his sentencing, Helms attorney, Edward Bennett Williams, said his client would wear this conviction like a badge of honor. To the end, Helms believed deeply in the mission of the CIA. Beneath Helms's outward appearance of restraint (the Daniel Schorr outburst being a major exception), the career spymaster was the embodiment of ambition. , 13). had never tried to overthrow the government of President Salvador Allende Gossens or funneled money to political enemies of the Marxist leader. President Reagan awarded him the National Security Medal in a White House ceremony. By July 1952, Helms had been appointed acting chief of the CIA's Clandestine Division and in the following year became deputy to Frank Wisner, the Deputy Director of Plans. : The Government Conspiracy in the JFK Assassination. Helms completed his schooling in Europe at age eighteen in 1931 and returned to the United States after his acceptance at Williams College in western Massachusetts. In 1935, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Williams College, where in his senior year he was president of his class, editor of the campus newspaper and the yearbook and president of the honor society. But Mr. Helms soon found himself called to account for his own actions when the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence delved into the agency's efforts to assassinate world leaders or destablize socialist governments. Two years later, he pleaded no contest to failing to testify fully before the committee. He fancied a career in journalism, and went to Europe as a reporter for United Press. They were also the types of subjects who would not be prone to question if they had been unwittingly drugged, because drugs were a normal part of their culture anyway. Born on March 30, 1913, in St. Davids, Pa., Richard McGarrah Helms -- he avoided using the middle name -- was the son of an Alcoa executive and grandson of a leading international banker, Gates. He was given a suspended jail sentence and fined $2,000. %%EOF Helms got ensnared in Congresss investigation because a successor, William Colby, released a trove of documents, nicknamed the Family Jewels, detailing the agencys misdeeds. Over the years, speculation has grown that Helms was the famous source known as Deep Throat, who helped guide Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein in their Pulitzer Prize-winning investigation of the Watergate scandal. Most likely, Dennis figures, his father got the stationery shortly after Germanys surrender and backdated the letter to confer historical sweep. Thirty-five thousand people are killed outright, including 23,200-28,200 Japanese war workers, 2,000 Korean forced workers, and 150 Japanese soldiers. During most of his tenure as C.I.A. . Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser, Richard Helms walked briskly from a hearing room in Washington, DC, on April 28, 1975. His assignments included coverage of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. endstream endobj 223 0 obj <>/Metadata 14 0 R/Outlines 22 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 220 0 R/StructTreeRoot 37 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 224 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 225 0 obj <>stream To the lean, dapper and detached Helms that meant maintaining the rules of the game -- silence and loyalty. For more than 11 months, until the tunnel was detected by the Soviet Union, the C.I.A. In testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Mr. Helms insisted that the C.I.A. He is survived by his wife, the former Cynthia McKelvie, whom he married in 1968; and a son from his first marriage, Dennis Helms. For Christmas, he already plans to give the replica to his son, Alexander Helms, a college senior majoring in studio art and photography. Less horrific experiments carried out by Nazi scientists were conducted in order to find ways in which to control prisoners and make them reveal secret information. But Mr. Helms soon found himself called to account for his own actions when the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence delved into the agency's efforts to assassinate world leaders or destabilize socialist governments. He joined the Indianapolis Times and soon moved up to the position of advertising manager. He later married Cynthia McKelvie, who survives him. This snapshot of Julia Helms's life was captured by the 1940 U.S. Census.Julia Helms was born about 1908. In testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Mr. Helms insisted that the C.I.A. From the beginning, he worked in the C.I.A. Most of the subjects tested did not know the nature of the tests being given to them. By 1946, his son Jim went on to become the OSS station chief in Rome. Mr. Helms believed he had performed well in a job that, although many Americans considered it sinister and undemocratic, was nevertheless a cold-blooded necessity in an era of cold war. The couple divorced in 1968, and Mr. Helms married Cynthia McKelvie later that year. Or find other results in the 1940 census forJulia Helms. The captured Nazi research documents showed that the most gruesome Nazi experiments conducted at death camps were the so-called "aviation series" in which prisoners were used to test various survival factors for the military. CIA officials knew that these activities were in violation of the agencys charter and, in a February 1969 letter to Henry Kissinger, then national security advisor, Helms urged that Chaos reports be kept top secret. . Family (1) Spouse Julia Bretzman Shields (1939 - 1968) (divorced) (1 child) Cynthia McKelvie (? Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Im afraid for her life: Riverside CC womens coach harassed after Title IX suit, Six people, including mother and baby, killed in Tulare County; drug cartel suspected, Want to solve climate change? But several other letters between the Helms men are available for public viewing at Georgetown Universitys library, which obtained the fathers papers in 2008. He would later represent Iranian interests in Washington. More About Julia L. Bretzman and Frank Brown Shields: Private-Begin: Private . Helms notes in his autobiography that this was two years before the terror of the Nazi's plans became clear with the outbreak of anti-Semitic violence known as Kristallnacht on November 9, 1938. colleagues, who gave him a standing, cheering ovation, then passed the hat and raised the $2,000 for his fine. Another telling public reaction from Richard Helms that adds insight into his character was delivered during a lecture for students at Johns Hopkins University in the fall of 1972. This psychopharmacological research involved the combined use of mescaline and hypnosis. Web: Marion County, Indiana, Marriage Index, 1925-2012, U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014, New York State, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1917-1967, Do not sell or share my personal information. His years in Tehran coincided with the final period of the rule of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, with whom Mr. Helms had a good relationship. On that night, more than two hundred synagogues were set aflame, ninety-one people were killed, and twenty thousand were arrested and taken to concentration camps. In the early 1980s, attempts were made to restore Helms reputation. "You now stand before this court in disgrace and shame," the judge told him, and sentenced him to two years in prison and a $2,000 fine. Actually, he knew that his father worked for the Central Intelligence Agency, but he did not know what he did there. Under Helms's guidance, behavioral medicine scientists from across the US were recruited to investigate a curious mix of concepts: creating amnesia, understanding bioelectrics, and attempting to harness parapsychology. Although he proved to be a master at keeping secrets, his outburst revealed an angry, violent side to his character. Oktober 2002 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Geheimdienstfunktionr, dessen Karriere ihren Hhepunkt in einer siebenjhrigen Amtsperiode als Director of Central Intelligence hatte. His career at the CIA covered the Red Scare tactics of Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy (R-Wis.), who searched for communists in the U.S. government, as well as the ill-fated CIA-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba and plots against Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. He was class president, editor of the school newspaper and the yearbook, and was president of the senior honor society. Under Johnson and then President Nixon, Helms headed Operation Chaos, which spied on American citizens linked to the increasingly powerful antiwar movement, looking for ties to foreign governments. Meanwhile, his friend Richard Helms was also on a fast track. In his personal life, Mr. Helms was known as an avid tennis player and sports fan, with a dry wit that showed when he was with friends, and, with his wife Cynthia, he was active in the Washington social scene. The hearing from which he had exited had consisted of four hours of questioning before the Rockefeller Commission regarding CIA attempts to assassinate foreign leaders. The obituary of Richard M. Helms, which appeared Oct. 24, incorrectly reported the ailment that led to his death. He was a firm believer in the importance of the espionage game. President Lyndon B. Johnson named him director in 1966. Richard passed away on October 22 2002, at age 89 in Washington, District of Columbia, United States. Later, Helms served as U.S. ambassador to Iran. How do we create a person's profile? Unaccustomed to such public scrutiny, Helms's cool demeanor had cracked under the pressure. There, his spy career focused on Russian KGB activities in Germany and Eastern Europe, tracking down former Nazi spies, and appropriating intelligence from them that the Axis powers had collected regarding the Soviet Union. Part of a new exhibit dedicated to the OSS has opened at the CIA in-house museum in McLean. Mr. Nixon appointed him ambassador to Iran, a post in which Mr. Helms served until 1977, when he returned to Washington to plead no contest to charges that in 1973 he had lied to a Congressional committee about the intelligence agency's role in bringing down the Allende government. He was responsible for espionage, intelligence gathering, special undercover operations and the political propaganda section. In 1939, Helms had married Julia Bretzman Shields, a "divorce with two children" so that immediately his home became a "whole family". Today he is dead, his memory despised, his country in ruins.. During his three years in Iran, Mr. Helms would make more than a dozen trips back to Washington to testify before Senate committees investigating CIA activities during his directorship. Richard Helms's income source is mostly from being a successful Actor. Much of the records of this work have been destroyed, but it is estimated that the CIA may have used thousands of subjects in its behavior modification experiments. Today, the allegations about his dads time at the CIA still make Dennis Helms wonder what really transpired: In 1977, his father pleaded no contest in a federal court to charges of failing to testify fully before Congress about the CIAs covert campaign to get rid of Chiles leftist regime. Impressum | See search results for this author. For more than 11 months, until the tunnel was detected by the Soviet Union, the C.I.A. Helms, an OSS operative in World War II, was always vague about the letter. Those included Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam, Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic and Patrice Lumumba of the Congo. In 1939 he married Julia Bretzman Shields, and they had a son, Dennis, a lawyer in Princeton, N.J. He tended to work regular hours, 8:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m., and his desk was always cleared when he left the office at night. Richard married Julia Shields in 1939, at age 25. Mr. Helms said outside the courtroom that he wore his conviction "like a badge of honor," and added: "I don't feel disgraced at all. "I found myself in a position of conflict," Mr. Helms said. He later became an international consultant, specializing in trade with the Middle East. During the 1950s and early 1960s, he held high positions in the division responsible for clandestine operations. With the entry of the United States into World War II, he joined the Navy, and in 1943 was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services, the U.S. wartime espionage agency. In the late 1950s, he interned at the CIA vacuuming dust off Soviet newspapers in the agency library and later went to Williams College, just like his dad. During his war service in the US Navy, Lieutenant Helms was initially assigned to track enemy submarines off the coast of New York. He died on October 22, 2002 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA. She spends her days providing medical services to clients, which may include performing physicals, reviewing lab work or doing EKGs when necessary. Helm's style was cool by choice and temperament; his instinct was to soften differences, to find a middle ground, to tone down operations that were getting out of hand, to give faltering projects one more chance rather than shut them down altogether, to settle for compromise in the interests of bureaucratic peace." For a man who considered himself a genuine patriot, it was a bleak note on which to end his professional career. Helms became deputy director. Helms began intelligence work with the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. At the time of this writing, several US congressmen and veterans' groups are sponsoring a bill that will provide medical care for American military personnel who unknowingly took part in military research between 1954 and 1973. Heinz Warneke, Elegance, ca. Helms' early work was in the field of journalism. 249 0 obj <>stream Helms was born Richard McGarrah Helms on March 30, 1913, in St. Davids, Pennsylvania, outside of Philadelphia. Judith 'Didi' Bretzman Anderson (Shields)was 10years old when World War II: Nagasaki is devastated when an atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped by the United States B-29 Bockscar. . I was simply trying to find my way through a difficult situation in which I found myself.". After the war, Helms stayed in intelligence work, giving up his plans in the newspaper business. The letter happened to arrive at Langley the day after Osama bin Laden was killed in May. Julia Helms Julia Bretzman Web: Marion County, Indiana, Marriage Index, 1925-2012 Julia Shields Web: Marion County, Indiana, Marriage Index, 1925-2012 Indiana, Birth Certificates, 1907-1940 Helms was given the post of ambassador to Iran, which he held until 1977. Tall, lean, and an avid tennis player, Helms also was intellectually gifted. In that capacity, in 1955, Mr. Helms impressed his superiors by supervising the secret digging of a 500-yard tunnel from West Berlin to East Berlin to tap the main Soviet telephone lines between Moscow and East Berlin. Angleton is described by Edward Jay Epstein in his book Legend as "a man who meticulously planned environments so perfectly that he could manipulate the design of his own prize-winning orchids." According to Helms's assistant, George McManus, the main reason Helms did not tell his boss about mob involvement in assassination conspiracies was because McCone would have considered it "morally reprehensible.". Helms, an OSS operative in World War II, was always vague about the letter. Dennis couldnt help but notice how his dashing dad could evade any subject: If you asked my father what time it was, hed give you an answer about the weather., The standard conversation with my friends was like this: Uh, whats your dad do? Id say, He works at the State Department., But, they wondered, what does he do? 1968, one son) Son: Dennis Helms Wife: Cynthia Ratcliff McKelvin (m. 1968) High School: Carteret School, Orange, NJ University: Williams College (1935) US Ambassador to Iran 1973-76 CIA Director 1966-73 CIA Deputy Director 28-Apr-1965 to 30-Jun-1966 OSS Agent The Indianapolis Times He attended Williams College, where he was president of his class, editor of the campus newspaper and graduated Phi Beta Kappa. Although passed over for promotion in the late 1950s, Helms resurfaced in the early 60s when questions arose about intelligence gathering in the wake of the Bay of Pigs debacle in Cuba. The reports indicate that the CIA feared that his capture would expose their use of former Nazis, and that he would reveal the CIA's efforts to undermine Communist influence in West Germany. The CIA's mind control research program was renamed ARTICHOKE in 1952. This is the same school the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, attended. He had graduated from Yale before the war and attended Harvard Law School for a year. Over the next several months, the agency would contemplate schemes for Castro's overthrow or assassination, but none ever materialized. A tireless campaigner when he ran unsuccessfully for President in 1960, she was at his side when he ran again in 1968--and won. The following year, he was one of a group of foreign correspondents to interview Adolf Hitler. Mr. Helms kept a low public profile as director of central intelligence, and he avoided publicity. . Dennis Helms included the letter in an album of correspondence and photos from his home that he turned over for the museums new exhibit highlighting the history of the Office of Strategic Services, the CIAs predecessor agency. Helms's belligerent language and his practice of defending himself by going on the offensive were tools he used to protect himself and his secrets, for he was a man with much to hide. "You are born with that kind of skill, and he had it." By a cabal of CIA employees, the Mafia and Cuban exiles, who killed Kennedy out of vengeance and in the hope of new. Mr. Helms's memoir, ''A Look Over My Shoulder: a Life in the C.I.A.,'' is to be released in the spring by Random House. In 1965, when Director John McCone resigned, Helms was his favored successor, but President Johnson chose Vice Adm. William F. Raborn instead. In addition to his wife, Mr. Helms is survived by a son, Dennis Helms, of Princeton, N.J. Richard M. Helms Dies at 89; Dashing Ex-Chief of the C.I.A. Contents 1 Tennis career 1.1 Davis Cup 2 Grand Slam finals 2.1 Singles (2 runners-up) 2.2 Doubles (1 runner-up) 2.3 Mixed doubles (1 runner-up) 3 Marriages It did not report the cause of death, but Helms had been in failing health for some time. was able to eavesdrop on Moscow's conversations with officials in East Germany and Poland. 4- In 1939 Helms had married Julia Bretzman Shields, a sculptress six years his senior.. 5- Although writing remained her true passion, she also showed talent as an artist and sculptress.. 6- They gave Stuart three grandchildren; food entrepreneur Laragh, photographer Suki and sculptress Sophia.. 7- I think that I probably inherited this interest, since my Aunt Randy is a sculptress. His biggest scoop, he said,. Title: CIA CHIEF RICHARD HELMS Subject: CIA CHIEF RICHARD HELMS Keywords In 1929, when Richard was sixteen, his family including Richard, his older sister Elizabeth, and younger brothers Pearsall and Gates departed for Europe. He grew up in South Orange, N.J., and studied for two years during high school in Switzerland, where he became fluent in French and German. But he eventually ran afoul of Congressional investigators who found that he had lied or withheld information about the United States role in assassination attempts in Cuba, anti-government activities in Chile and the illegal surveillance of journalists in the United States. James Angleton, another master spy who had spent World War II working with the OSS in Italy, also stayed. The enigmatic Angleton was a very thin man, four years younger than Helms, and was known as an intellectual. Initially, he held desk jobs in Washington and New York but later served in Britain and the European theater. The artifact itself would have made any museum professionals day. 222 0 obj <> endobj When questioned about these CIA-mob assassination conspiracies in the 1975 Senate investigation, Helms replied, "I'm really surprised I did not discuss it with him (Director McCone) at the time." Helms returned to the United States in 1938 and took a job on the business side at the Indianapolis Times. The father typed out short messages about things he could freely discuss a Time magazine piece about paintings, a Joe Alsop column about liberals, and an article referring to some court matter. Over the next 20 years, Mr. Helms rose through the agency's ranks, and in 1966 he became the first career official to head the C.I.A. I felt obliged to keep some of this stuff in other words, not volunteer a good deal of information, he told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1975. With the goal of eventually owning a small newspaper, he set off after graduation for a career in journalism. Returning to America, he graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts in 1935. But in the national malaise that accompanied the war in Vietnam and the Watergate scandal, much of the popular mystique that attended CIA service had dissolved. The price of ridding society of bad is always high. Schorr had been broadcasting news stories about the CIA Mafia assassination conspiracies and was seeking a response from the director himself. More About Frank Brown Shields and Julia L. Bretzman : Private-Begin: Private The operations he conducted that would have been fun to me to hear about, like reading a novel. William R. Colby, who succeeded Schlesinger as director of central intelligence, quietly briefed House and Senate overseers on the contents of the report, which became known in the agency as "the family jewels." Dr. Mary Bretzman is one such team member. Julia Helms was born about 1908. Now I am afraid that we are entering a troubled time, but of a different kind. 'His marriage, to Julia Bretzman Shields in 1939, was to make a major differ- ence to his later career, in an unusual way. He was assigned to Berlin at the end of the war and worked for Allen Dulles, who would later become head of the CIA himself. With the election of Nixon as president in 1968, White House involvement with the CIA intensified. One part still confuses. The judge responded, ''You now stand before this court in disgrace and shame,'' and sentenced him to two years in prison and a $2,000 fine. Helms, who was present at the creation of the agency in 1947 during the Cold War, was an important operations man in the agency for two decades. At his retirement in 1973, Mr. Helms left an organization viewed with suspicion by many and about to undergo intense scrutiny from an unfriendly Congress for activities ranging from assassination plots against foreign leaders to spying on U.S. citizens. This was considered an important requirement by the experimenters in order to produce dependable results. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. He graduated second in his class in 1935 and decided to go into the field of journalism. Mr. Helms pleaded no contest in 1977 to two misdemeanor counts of failing to testify fully four years earlier to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Helms was convicted on only federal misdemeanor charges of misleading Congress after the Justice Department, in a rare move, sought a plea agreement to avoid a public trial in which top-secret information might be disclosed. How and when exactly did his father sneak into that compound to grab the stationery (along with a dinner plate)? In their Bradley Lane house in Chevy Chase, the father and son discussed family matters, school and the news. Although the Shah was six years younger than Helms, the fellow alumni became very close in their later lives, and particularly when Helms was appointed ambassador to Iran by President Richard Nixon in March 1973. Helms and Dulles, who was then Chief of Mission in Berne, Switzerland, met at General Dwight Eisenhower's headquarters when Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945. Helms had such a sense of his own moment in history, she said. He was known as a charming conversationalist, a gregarious partygoer and an accomplished dancer, and he and his wife continued to be familiar figures on the capital party scene. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Keep supporting great journalism by turning off your ad blocker. In 1936, he was with a small group of reporters who interviewed Adolf Hitler in Nuremberg. Richard M. Helms (1913-2002) was born on March 30, 1913 in Saint Davids, Pennsylvania to Herman H. Helms and Marion McGarrah Helms. He became the CIA's deputy director for plans, the innocuous-sounding title of the chief of covert action. While Dennis was growing up in Washington, the letter went into family scrapbooks. Mr. Allende was killed in a 1973 military coup, which was followed by more than 16 years of military dictatorship. The subjects chosen by the CIA included prisoners, foreigners, prostitutes, mental patients, and drug addicts. Helms would call up those people, invite them to dinner or lunch and he would more or less tell them how you live through this, and believe me, they were grateful, Powers said. ,&$vP1)Pcb`. hb```X0xb,G}4q,u pQ b`Y $ 75p7H$D4c5z`q %c Uf` i Richard Helms was born on March 30, 1913 in St. Davids, Pennsylvania, USA. Together they had a son Dennis, who as a young man briefly worked at CIA; he later became a lawyer. Member Phi Beta Kappa. He died on October 22, 2002 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA. %PDF-1.5 % Shortly thereafter, he returned to the United States and took a job with the Indianapolis Times newspaper, where by 1939 he had become national advertising director. Dennis Helms, now a 69-year-old intellectual-property lawyer in New Jersey. In 1977, he pleaded no contest in a federal court to charges of failing to testify fully before Congress about the CIA role in the covert supply of money to Chilean anti-Marxists in 1970 in an effort to influence a presidential election. Helms was enrolled in Le Rosey, a private preparatory school on Lake Geneva. In 1940, she was 32 years old and lived in Washington, Indiana, with her husband, Richard, son, and daughter. Earlier this year, the CIA contacted Dennis Helms to let him know the agency was redesigning its in-house museum and wanted to increase its memorabilia from Richard Helms and the three other CIA directors who also served in the OSS: Allen Dulles, William Casey and William Colby. Dennis wanted to be like his father in some ways. His biggest scoop, he said, was an exclusive interview with Adolf Hitler. Another Senate panel, the Foreign Relations Committee, found that Helms had lied when he insisted the CIA had not tried to overthrow Allende or offer financial support to the socialist leaders political opponents. In 1939 he married Julia Bretzman Shields, and they had a son, Dennis, who became a lawyer. (Published 10/25/02). He went to Europe as a reporter for United Press. Fifty years ago on November 22, 1963, in Dallas's Dealey Plaza, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated while traveling in a motorcade with his wife, Lee Harvey Oswald was not the assassin of President Kennedy. Over the years, there would be more assignments with domestic political implications. The prison term was suspended. On leaving the CIA, Mr. Helms served three years as ambassador to Iran, then in 1976 ended his government career. 1927, marble, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Julia Bretzman, 1972.171. The Man Who Kept the Secrets, the title of author Thomas Powers's biography of Richard Helms, is a fitting description of his subject. Mar 1973 Please c, ontact . The highly polished surface of the sculpture accentuates the solid yet graceful posture of the alert feline. But the most contentious criticism of Mr. Helms centered on Chile. The committee's job was to monitor reports of covert approaches to CIA officers by McCarthy agents and to plug any leaks. Chief, Dies at 89, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/24/us/richard-helms-ex-cia-chief-dies-at-89.html. I just wish there had been more such occasions.. In September 1939, Helms married Julia Bretzman Shields, a local divorce who had two children from a previous marriage, James and Judith. Mr. Helms was forced out of the agency in 1973 by President Nixon, who considered him insufficiently cooperative in providing C.I.A. Share on Facebook Share. In the face of the Communist challenge, the US military sought to prepare its soldiers for survival in the event they were captured by the enemy. Julia was born on April 8 1907, in Indianapolis, Marion, Indiana. Research on hypnosis was conducted to attempt to protect America's intelligence services from such tactics being used against them. Helms's unauthorized use of the Mafia in various operations was typical, particularly his attempts to eliminate Cuba's Fidel Castro. She and his son survive him. Through most of the 1950s, he was a leading recruiter and trainer of intelligence agents working in the Eastern Bloc. Senate investigators later discovered that the C.I.A. When the U.S. wartime intelligence forces merged into the CIA in 1947, Mr. Helms became one of the architects of the new organization. He had multiple melanoma. But he didnt seriously consider a clandestine career because he didnt want to cope with the expectations of being the son of Richard Helms, a founding member of the agency who was appointed director in 1966. That reputation grew after 1973, when Mr. Helms clashed with President Richard M. Nixon, who sought his help in thwarting an F.B.I. In part because of his foreign language skills, he was able to hook up with the United Press in London and soon after was sent to Berlin. He will be buried at Arlington National Ceremony on Nov. 20. Helms, who consistently opposed that plan to oust Castro, was named head of the plans division, the third highest position in the agency. In 1939 he married Julia Bretzman Shields, and they had a son, Dennis, who became a lawyer. The letter writer was his father, Richard Helms, the CIA director during the Vietnam War and Watergate eras, who died in 2002. You killer! "I had sworn my oath to protect certain secrets. Legal work, I guess, is like the intelligence business: anonymous! he wrote to his son in 1969, apparently searching for common ground. Together, Angleton and Helms would form a twenty-five-year partnership in covert operations. He would serve longer as director of central intelligence than anyone except Allen Dulles, the legendary spymaster who led the CIA from 1953 to 1961. He went to London and became a European correspondent for United Press. At the Camp David meeting, the president had asked Mr. Helms if he would like to be an ambassador, and the two men had agreed on Iran. He became a consultant to businesses that made investments in other countries. But asked Wednesday about the speculation, Woodward -- now an assistant managing editor at the Post -- said Deep Throat wasnt Helms. Dad liked it that way.. I think if I had done anything else I would have been disgraced.''. Francis Xavier Alexander Shields Sr. (November 18, 1909 - August 19, 1975) was an American amateur tennis player of the 1920s and 1930s, and an actor known for Hoosier Schoolboy (1937). Together they formed the "perfect storm." Mr. Helms said he considered this award "an exoneration.". in 1973, Mr. Helms served until 1977 as the American ambassador to Iran, whose ruler, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, was supported by the United States. At Williams College, Mr. Helms excelled as a student and a leader. He served under such men as Allen W. Dulles, Richard M. Bissell, John A. McCone and Vice Adm. William F. Raborn. He was married to Cynthia McKelvie and Julia Bretzman Shields. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Helms was asked if the CIA had tried to interfere in the election of Chilean president Salvador Allende in 1970. Richard Helms worked closely with the Gehlen network of former German spies to penetrate Soviet intelligence and uncover Communist activities in West Germany. He was second-in-command of covert operations in 1958 when he was passed over for the directorship of that activity in favor of Richard M. Bissell Jr., who in 1961 would plan and direct the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of Castro's Cuba. ''I had sworn my oath to protect certain secrets. In this case, it is interesting to note that a vegetable is also the term for what could happen if an experiment went awry and the subject's memory was lost permanently. A child can be proud of his parent but also frustrated by the lack of details, the opaque explanations about careers, the questions that cant even be asked. In 1977, Mr. Helms stepped down as ambassador to Iran and returned to Washington to plead no contest to charges that in 1973 he had lied to a Congressional committee about the intelligence agency's role in bringing down the Allende government. 229 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0FE81A3C1E7EFE44AF36D8950331A64D><1C923204F3452F4692C304A98FB5F8E8>]/Index[222 28]/Info 221 0 R/Length 55/Prev 24142/Root 223 0 R/Size 250/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream One part still confuses Dennis: The letter is dated V-E Day. It was said of Mr. Helms that throughout his career and into retirement, he was preoccupied with the Soviet Union and its CIA counterpart, the KGB. His father was an Alcoa executive and his maternal grandfather a leading international banker. After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Helms joined the Navy and moved his family to his parents' home in South Orange, New Jersey. Wife: Julia Bretzman Shields (sculptor, m. 1939, div. 15 Sep 1970: President Richard M. Nixon and Henry Kissinger instruct CIA Director Richard Helms to spend up to $10 million "to prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him." 2 Feb 1973: Richard M. Nixon fires Richard Helms, after Helms is loyal to CIA and not Nixon, over Watergate issues. He worked in New York plotting the positions of German submarines in the western Atlantic. Your side won." In 1973, Nixon forced him to resign as head of the CIA. He grew up in South Orange, N. J., and studied for two years during high school in Switzerland, where he became conversant in French and German. Dennis mentioned the Hitler letter. Served with Office of Strategic Services United States Naval Reserve, 1942-1946, European Theatre of Operations. Former CIA Director Richard Helms, who ran afoul of Congress for failing to fully disclose the agencys questionable activities at home and abroad, has died. The simple, abstract rendering is characteristic of . But the fact that we received it on the very day that we in the museum received news along with the rest of the world of the successful bin Laden operation stunned us.. Paralleling the CIA's experiments, it is estimated that thousands of US soldiers were exposed to dangerous chemicals, biological weapons experiments, and radioactive agent tests sponsored by the Pentagon in operations worldwide. But he lunched occasionally with influential figures in the media, and he was assiduous in cultivating the congressional support he needed to manage his agency. He was accused by the panel of failing to notify senior administration officials of efforts to assassinate Castro. . 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