They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. West Yorkshire, Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. . Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Write a paragraph or two. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Mary was spared. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. The conspirators including Babington were all. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. The invasion failed, however. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Apply for student finance without a bank account? One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Why was France a threat? He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? LS23 6AD A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. She was a Protestant. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Spanish invasion plans. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Copy. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position.