As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . b. life expectancy has reached a new high. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. (credit: Laurie Avocado). The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Diarrhea. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. c. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa . While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli.